Depth of Field (shallow and wide) - shallow or deep when its shallow a little is in focus when is wide depth of field everything is in focus

 
Light (angle and intensity) - angle is about where the light is coming from, intensity is how bright that light is

 Shadows - the absence of light

 
Diffusion - is decreasing the intensely of the light

Exposure, is altering light

 
exposure- is what your picture actually look like, is it too light or too dark


Aperture (f-stop) - is inside the lens and is how big the opening is

Shutter speed - has to do with the mirror inside the camera and the shutter speed is how fast it  opens or closes

ISO - has to do with the sensor inside the camera, how sensitive the sensor is to light, as you increase the iso you increase the amount of grain that you see on your picture 

types of lenses - telephoto, prime, wide angle

telephoto - zooms you in closer to your subject, good for sports

prime - dose not zoom in, bigger aperture settings

wide angle - perfect for landscapes, tend to be really wide

aperture notes: the bigger the opening the smaller the number 
besides the light it also effects depth of field